On February 3, 2010, the Tax Court released it's decision in Estate of Shurtz v. Commissioner,
This case is interesting for a number of reasons. First, even though it involves a family limited partnership, the case is not about the estate taking substantial discounts. In fact, the word "discount" is not even mentioned in the decision. Here, the IRS tried to argue that under section 2036, the full value of all the underlying assets contributed by the Decedent to the partnership should be included in the Decedent's gross estate, and not the value of her proportionate, possibly non-discounted partnership interest. Additionally, this case involves the value of the partnership interest after the death of the first spouse, in which the entirety of the estate was transferred to either a credit shelter trust or a marital deduction trust, thus resulting in no tax due.
I'm a bit surprised that the IRS took this, a pure 2036 non-discount case to trial, as the evidence of a non-tax business purpose is so clear.
Background
The Decedent, Charlene B. Shurtz, was an heir to a very wealthy and religious family, the Barges, (not related to El or Chico De Barge). The Barge's assets primarily consisted of timberland in Mississippi. In 1993, at least 14 members of the Barge family owned separate undivided interests as tenants in common in thousands of acres of timberland, either outright or in trust. Even if the estate tax didn't exist, any competent business or probate attorney would advise the family that this type of ownership is a serious mistake, fraught with risks. The property could be subject to the creditors of individual owners. Plus, the joint management of property owned by so many people is burdensome and unwieldy. Thus, based on an attorney's (correct) advice, they established Barge Timberlands, L.P., a limited partnership, to operate the family timber business. The Decedent owned a 16 percent interest in the Timberlands LP and also 1/3 of the shares of the Corporation that served as the general partner.
The Timberland partnership agreement provided that the partnership would distribute 40 percent of its income each year to the partners, so that the partners would have funds to pay the taxes on their distributive share of flow through partnership income.
The Decedent, along with her siblings and fellow partners were still concerned that individual family members could, due to Mississippi "Jackpot Justice," lose their interest in the Timberland Partnership, and control of the family business. The various family siblings were advised the if each of them contributed their Timberland Partnership interests to a separate partnership, then that would provide better creditor protection because the distributions could be locked into the new partnership, and a creditor would not be entitled to receive anything but a charging order. In addition, the Decedent wanted to make gifts of the family timberland business to her children.
The Doulos Family Limited Partnership
Thus, she and her husband formed a new limited partnership, Doulos LP, in November 1996. The purpose of Doulos LP was to reduce the estate, provide asset protection, provide for heirs, and in this deeply religious and charitable family, "provide for the Lord's work." The Doulos LP agreement had language that restricted an outsider from owning an interest, language that was presumably absent from the Timberland LP Agreement. In addition, the Decedent still owned 748.2 acres of Timberland outright and in her own name only that was not contributed to the Timberland LP, which held previously jointly owned Timberland only.
Before the Doulos Partnership could be established though, there was a problem. The Decedent owned 100% of everything that was going to be transferred to the Partnership. Thus, she first transferred a 6.6 interest in her 748.2 acres to her husband, and then the two of them contributed their interests in the timberland, plus her interest in Timberland LP to the Doulos Partnership.
Over the next four years, she made a total of 26 gifts of .4 percent limited partnership interests to her children and to trusts for her grandchildren. Each gift was valued at $19,700 or less. The Doulos partnership maintained accurate capital accounts for each of its members and filed a Form 1065, a partnership tax return every year. The entire family actively participated in managing the Timberland LP and the Doulos LP, having annual meetings and consulting family members before any major decisions were made.
The Decedent's Estate
Upon Mrs. Shurt's death, her gross estate was valued at $8,768.05.03, with $7,674,143.03 going to trusts qualifying for the marital deduction, and according to the decision, $345,800 going to a credit shelter trust. Her Form 706 was filed eight months late, but as there was no tax due because of the use of credit shelter/marital deduction trusts, her lawyers were not that concerned.
The IRS argued that the full value of all of the assets contributed by the Decedent to the Doulos Partnership are included in her estate under section 2036, and not the value of the Partnership interest itself, despite the gifts of partnership interests to her children and grandchildren because the IRS contented that she retained control, use, and benefit of the assets within the meaning of section 2036 and 2035 (some of the transfers were within 3 years of her death).
The Court's Decision
The decision does not state what evidence the IRS used to argue that assets should be included in the Decedent's estate under 2036, probably because there was not much there. The Court pointed out that section 2036 causes property to be included in a decedent's gross estate if three conditions are met:
- The decedent made an inter vivos transfer of property;
- The decedent's transfer was not a bona fide sale for full and adequate consideration; and
- the decedent retained the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the income from the property, or the right, either alone or in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy the property or income therefrom.
The Court, citing Estate of Bongard and Estate of Bigelow, pointed out that, "the bona fide sale for adequate and full consideration exception is met where the record establishes the existence of a legitimate and significant nontax reason for creating the family limited partnership, and the transferors received partnership interests proportionate to the value of the property transferred. The objective evidence must indicate that the nontax reason was a significant factor that motivated the partnership’s creation."
As the facts provided, there were several non-tax reasons for establishing the Doulos partnership, including protection of assets and providing centralization of management. Additionally, these were not deathbed transfers, and the Decedent maintained sufficient assets outside of the partnership to live her life. Additionally, in order to satisfy the "full and adequate consideration" prong, she had to receive a proportionate partnership interest in exchange for her contribution. This she did. Both she and her husband each received partnership interests that were valued in proportion to what they separately contributed to the partnership.
Because the transfer of the assets to the partnership were a bona fide sale for fair and adequate consideration, they were not includable in her gross estate under section 2036.
Take-away
The IRS is still actively pursuing family limited partnerships, discounts or not. Family limited partnerships that are shams will not stand up in court. However, as long as taxpayers have legitimate non-tax business purposes for establishing the partnership, and they make sure that they keep adequate records in both the formation and operation of the entity, then section 2036 should not apply to the transfers.
